Histologie Test

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Histologie Test

1 / 60

The region of glomerulus (renal corpuscle) where the capillary tuft is attached is called the:

a. juxtaglomerular apparatus.

b. mesangium

c. urinary (tubular) pole.

d. area cribosa.

e. vascular pole.

2 / 60

Which of the following epithelial cells of the urinary tract are simple squamous, without apparent structural specialization?

a. collecting duct epithelium.

b. transitional epithelium.

c. distal convoluted tubule epithelium.

d. glomerular epithelium (podocytes).

e. Bowman's capsule epithelium.

3 / 60

The region of the kidney containing distal convoluted tubules is called the:

a. hilus

b. pelvis

c. medulla

d. cortex

e. capsule

4 / 60

Regions of cortical parenchyma located between medullary pyramids (pyramids of Malpighii) rather than adjacent to the surface of the kidney are called:

a. columns of Bertin.

b. renal lobules.

c. medullary rays.

d. calyces

e. papillae

5 / 60

The lumen of glomerular capillaries is lined by:

a. juxtaglomerular cells.

b. podocytes foot processes.

c. fenestrated endothelium.

d. continuous endothelium.

e. mesangial cells.

6 / 60

The region of glomerulus (renal corpuscle) where the urinary space drains into the proximal convoluted tubule is called the:

a. mesangium.

b. juxtaglomerular apparatus.

c. area cribosa.

d. vascular pole.

e. urinary (tubular) pole

7 / 60

Which structures are present in “thick skin” (i.e., palmar and plantar skin)?

a. apocrine sweat glands.

b. hair follicles.

c. arrector pili.

d. sweat glands.

e. sebaceous glands.

8 / 60

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the stratum spinosum?

a. The stratum spinosum sits between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum.

b. The cells of the stratum spinosum are flat without nuclei.

c. Langerhans cells are found mostly in the stratum spinosum.

d. The stratum spinosum is formed from daughter cells of the stratum corneum.

e. Merkel cells are the outermost sentinels of the cellular immune system.

9 / 60

The epithelial layer of skin is:

a. dermis

b. hypodermis

c. lamina propria

d. mucosa

e. epidermis

10 / 60

Glomerular capillaries are supported on the outside (adjacent to the urinary space) by:

a. mesangial cells.

b. podocyte foot processes.

c. juxtaglomerular cells.

d. fibroblasts

e. pericytes

11 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement.

a. The term "atresia" refers to the degeneration of follicles during development and adult life.

b. After ovulation, thecal cells and granulosa cells form the corpus luteum.

c. The epithelium that lines the ductuli efferntes is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

d. Hormone production of the corpus luteum stops after the implantation of the embryo.

e. Growth of the mammary gland is initiated by oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries and placenta.

12 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(5)

a. The increase in the surface area of proximal tubule cells by numerous long microvilli facilitates the absorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.

b. An inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle are found in both the ureter and bladder.

c. Renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells which surround the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus.

d. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.

e. The second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes will give rise the spermatids.

13 / 60

The projections of dermis upward, indenting the bottom of the epidermis, are called:

a. dermal papillae

b. epidermal appendages

c. arrector pili muscle

d. sweat gland ducts

e. Meissner's corpuscles

14 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. The renal lobule contains many renal lobes.

b. The capillaries of the glomerulus are continuous type.

c. Short nephron contains small renal corpuscle located near the renal capsule.

d. The protein albumin is normally filtrated in the glomerulus.

e. The lamina rara interna of the GBM is attaching to the podocyte.

15 / 60

The normal thickness of the glomerular basement membrane (the GBM) is between:

a. 3 and 3.5 micrometers.

b. 30 and 35 micrometers.

c. 30 and 35 nanometers.

d. 300 and 350 micrometers.

e. 0.3 and 0.35 micrometers.

16 / 60

Vessels which connect interlobular arteries with glomerular capillaries are called:

a. arcuate arteries.

b. afferent arterioles.

c. peritubular capillaries.

d. efferent arterioles.

e. vasa recta.

17 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The epithelium of the tubuli recti is pseudostratified columnar.

b. The seminiferous epithelium consists of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells.

c. Testosterone produced by the male accessory reproductive glands (seminal vesicle and prostate) causes the development of the masculine extragenital sex characteristics.

d. Processes of Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier.

e. The prophase of primary spermatocytes is extremely prolonged.

18 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. Primordial ovarian follicles are characterized by a single layer of flattened follicular cells which surround the oocyte.

b. Progesterone and oestrogen are the main stimulants of milk secretion in the mammary gland.

c. Prolactin and oxytocin are the main stimulants of milk secretion in the mammary gland.

d. The basalis of the endometrium regenerates the functionalis after menstruation.

e. The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin.

19 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. Testosterone produced by the male accessory reproductive glands (seminal vesicle and prostate) causes the development of the masculine extragenital sex characteristics.

b. The outer part of the seminiferous epithelium is formed by 3-4 layers of smooth muscle.

c. By the first meiotic division B-spermatogonia give rise to primary spermatocytes.

d. The testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule, the tunica albuginea.

e. The Sertoli cells are located outside the seminiferous tubule.

20 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(2)

a. The formation of new oocytes stops before birth.

b. Sensory stimulation of the nipple initiates the milk ejection reflex via the secretion of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.

c. The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin.

d. The vagina is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

e. The wall of the vagina consists of a mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia.

21 / 60

Which of the following is NOT an “epidermal appendage” (i.e., NOT comprised of epithelial tissue)?

a. hair follicle.

b. arrector pili muscle.

c. secretory portion of sweat gland.

d. duct of sweat gland.

e. sebaceous gland.

22 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(2)

a. Juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus release angiotensin II to increase glomerular filtration.

b. Transitional epithelium lining the tubules of the nephron allows the tubules to expand if large amounts of primary urine are formed.

c. Collecting ducts are not permeable to water in the presence of antidiuretic hormone.

d. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.

e. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.

23 / 60

The fibrous connective tissue layer of skin is:

a. hypodermis

b. epidermis

c. lamina propria

d. mucosa

e. dermis

24 / 60

Which cell type of the epidermis is involved in the mediation of immune responses?

a. keratinocyte

b. Langerhans cell

c. melanocyte

d. Merkel cell

e. myoepithelial cell

25 / 60

Transitional epithelium lines all of the following EXCEPT the:

a. Bowman's capsule.

b. ureter.

c. proximal urethra.

d. bladder.

e. renal pelvis.

26 / 60

Smooth muscle cells of renal arterioles which are modified for endocrine secretion are called:

a. podocytes

b. juxtaglomerular cells.

c. fibroblasts

d. mesangial cells.

e. pericytes

27 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(1)

a. Podocytes form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.

b. The osmotic absorption of water by the proximal tubule cells reduces the volume of the primary urine by about 75%.

c. The glomerular filtration slit is around 20 to 30 nm.

d. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.

e. The transport of sodium ions over the epithelia lining the ascending thin and straight distal tubules creates the osmotic gradient necessary for the resorption of water from the urine passing through the collecting ducts.

28 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(4)

a. The outer layer of renal capsule contains many myofibroblasts.

b. Stratified squamous epithelium lines the distal part of the male and female urethra.

c. The pyramid of Malpighi is in the renal cortex

d. Transitional epithelium lining the tubules of the nephron allows the tubules to expand if large amounts of primary urine are formed.

e. The incomplete basal lamina of the discontinuous glomerular capillaries facilitates the formation of the glomerular filtrate.

29 / 60

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the stratum spinosum?

a. Merkel cells are the outermost sentinels of the cellular immune system.

b. The stratum spinosum sits between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum.

c. Langerhans cells are found mostly in the stratum corneum.

d. The stratum spinosum is formed from daughter cells of the basal layer.

e. The cells of the stratum spinosum are flat without nuclei.

30 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. Stratified squamous epithelium lines the distal part of the male and female urethra.

b. The principal function of the thin tubule of the nephron is the resorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.

c. Transitional epithelium lines the ureter.

d. The increase in the surface area of proximal tubule cells by numerous long microvilli facilitates the absorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.

e. Podocytes form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.

31 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin.

b. The mammary gland contains 15 to 20 lobes.

c. The myometrium of the uterus is important for the transport of the oocyte and sperm.

d. The basalis of the endometrium regenerates the functionalis after menstruation.

e. Growth of the mammary gland is initiated by oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries and placenta.

32 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The macula densa cells are found in the distal tubule faced to the vascular pole.

b. The filtration slit membrane between the pedicles of podocytes is part of the glomerular filtration barrier.

c. Renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells which surround the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus.

d. Stratified squamous epithelium lines the distal part of the male and female urethra.

e. An inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle are found in both the ureter and bladder.

33 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule, the tunica albuginea.

b. The first meiotic division of primary spermatocytes will give rise the secondary spermatocytes.

c. The maturation of spermatids into spermatozoides is called spermiogenesis.

d. The prophase of primary spermatocytes is extremely prolonged.

e. Leydig cells provide structural and nutritional support for the developing spermatocytes.

34 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. A distinct zona pelucida separates the oocyte and follicular cells of primordial ovarian follicles.

b. Like sweat glands, mammary glands are simple tubular glands.

c. Collecting ducts are not permeable to water in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

d. The functionalis of the endometrium of uterus and cervix is shed during menstruation.

e. Complex mucosal folds give the lumen of the ampulla of the oviduct a very irregular outline.

35 / 60

Podocytes are:

a. simple squamous epithelial cells.

b. simple columnar epithelial cells.

c. not epithelial cells.

d. unique epithelial cells with many interdigitating processes.

e. simple cuboidal epithelial cells.

36 / 60

What are the receptors for vision?

a. . Cones

b. . Rods

c. . Ganglion cells

d. . Bipolar cells

e. . Rods, Cones

37 / 60

Which cell is also called a septal cell?

a. . Dust cell

b. . Brush cell

c. . Clara cell

d. . Type I pneumocyte

e. . Type II pneumocyte

38 / 60

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the cornea?

a. . Lamina vitrea

b. . Bowman's membrane

c. . Substantia propria

d. . Descemet's membrane

e. . Endothelium

39 / 60

Which structure is part the uvea?

a. . Cornea

b. . Pigmented epithelium

c. . Iris

d. . Ora serrata

e. . Sclera

40 / 60

What is the smallest airspace of the respiratory tree?

a. . Alveoli

b. . Alveolar duct

c. . Respiratory bronchiole

d. . Alveolar sac

e. . Terminal bronchiole

41 / 60

What is responsible for adjusting the lens?

a. . Choroid

b. . Ora serrata

c. . Ciliary muscle

d. . Sclera

e. . Iris

42 / 60

Which of the following is a type of neuron?

a. . Pigmented epithelium

b. . Supporting cells

c. . Cones

d. . Ganglion cells

e. . Rods

43 / 60

What is the inner layer of the choroid?

a. . Lamina vitrea

b. . Ciliary body

c. . Lamina cribrosa

d. . Optic disc

e. . Fovea centralis

44 / 60

What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis?

a. . Compact bone

b. . Spongy bone

c. . Hyaline cartilage

d. . Elastic cartilage

e. . Fibrocartilage

45 / 60

Which cell type is involved in general sensation of the olfactory mucosa?

a. . Sustentacular cells

b. . Basal cells

c. . Olfactory cells

d. . Brush cells

46 / 60

Which is structure is NOT part of the conducting portion of the airway?

a. . Bronchi

b. . Respiratory bronchioles

c. . Trachea

d. . Larynx

47 / 60

What is the region where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball?

a. . Ciliary body

b. . Lamina cribrosa

c. . Fovea centralis

d. . Optic disc

e. . Lamina vitrea

48 / 60

What is the most anterior portion of the uvea?

a. . Ciliary body

b. . Choroid

c. . Iris

d. . Ora serrata

e. . Sclera

49 / 60

Which layer of the cornea is acellular?

a. . Epithelium

b. . Descemet's membrane

c. . Endothelium

d. . Substantia propria

50 / 60

What is the space posterior to the iris?

a. . Posterior chamber

b. . Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber

c. . Vitreal cavity

d. . Anterior chamber

51 / 60

Which cell is a respiratory macrophage?

a. . Kupffer cells

b. . Histiocyte

c. . Langerhans cell

d. . Dust cell

e. . Microglia

52 / 60

Which contains endolymph?

a. . Scala tympani

b. . Cochlear duct

c. . Scala vestibule, Scala tympani

d. . Scala vestibuli

53 / 60

Which cartilage of the larynx is made of elastic cartilage?

a. . Corniculate cartilage

b. . Cricoid cartilage

c. . Thyroid cartilage

d. . Epiglottis

e. . Arytenoid cartilage

54 / 60

Which structure is part the uvea?

a. . Ora serrata

b. . Choroid

c. . Cornea

d. . Pigmented epithelium

e. . Sclera

55 / 60

What type of tissue lines the pharynx?

a. . Simple columnar epithelium

b. . Simple columnar epithelium, Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

c. . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

d. . Simple squamous epithelium

e. . Stratified squamous epithelium

56 / 60

What type of tissue lines the paranasal sinuses?

a. . Stratified squamous epithelium

b. . Simple squamous epithelium

c. . Transitional epithelium

d. . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

e. . Simple columnar epithelium

57 / 60

What structure is similar to a “bunch of grapes?

a. . Alveoli

b. . Terminal bronchiole

c. . Alveolar sac

d. . Respiratory bronchiole

e. . Alveolar duct

58 / 60

What part of the respiratory tree is the functional unit where gas exchange occurs?

a. . Alveolar sac

b. . Respiratory bronchiole

c. . Alveoli

d. . Alveolar duct

e. . Terminal bronchiole

59 / 60

What is the region called where the optic nerve exits the eye?

a. . Lamina cribrosa

b. . Optic chiasm

c. . Ora serrate

d. . Optic disc

e. . Os

60 / 60

Where is the ciliary muscle located?

a. . Lamina vitrea

b. . Optic disc

c. . Fovea centralis

d. . Ciliary body

e. . Lamina cribrosa

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