Histologie Test

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Histologie Test

1 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The term "atresia" refers to the degeneration of follicles during development and adult life.

b. Primordial ovarian follicles are characterized by a single layer of flattened follicular cells which surround the oocyte.

c. Ovarian surface is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

d. After ovulation, thecal cells and granulosa cells form the corpus luteum.

e. A fluid filled hollow, the antrum, is a characteristic feature of primary ovarian follicles.

2 / 60

Which of the following layers lies nearest the outer surface of the epidermis?

a. stratum spinosum or stratum Malpighii.

b. stratum granulosum

c. stratum lucidum.

d. stratum basale or stratum germinativum.

e. stratum corneum.

3 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(4)

a. The incomplete basal lamina of the discontinuous glomerular capillaries facilitates the formation of the glomerular filtrate.

b. Stratified squamous epithelium lines the distal part of the male and female urethra.

c. The outer layer of renal capsule contains many myofibroblasts.

d. Transitional epithelium lining the tubules of the nephron allows the tubules to expand if large amounts of primary urine are formed.

e. The pyramid of Malpighi is in the renal cortex

4 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(5)

a. An inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle are found in both the ureter and bladder.

b. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.

c. Renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells which surround the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus.

d. The second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes will give rise the spermatids.

e. The increase in the surface area of proximal tubule cells by numerous long microvilli facilitates the absorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.

5 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(3)

a. The infundibulum of the oviduct passes through the wall of the uterus.

b. A distinct zona pelucida separates the oocyte and follicular cells of primordial ovarian follicles.

c. Hormone production of the corpus luteum stops after the implantation of the embryo.

d. "Tertiary follicle", "preovulatory follicle" and "Graafian follicle" are synonymous terms.

e. The secondary ovarian follicle contains no antrum.

6 / 60

Which of the following epithelial cells of the urinary tract are simple squamous, without apparent structural specialization?

a. Bowman's capsule epithelium.

b. transitional epithelium.

c. collecting duct epithelium.

d. glomerular epithelium (podocytes).

e. distal convoluted tubule epithelium.

7 / 60

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the stratum spinosum?

a. The cells of the stratum spinosum are flat without nuclei.

b. The stratum spinosum is formed from daughter cells of the stratum corneum.

c. The stratum spinosum sits between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum.

d. Langerhans cells are found mostly in the stratum spinosum.

e. Merkel cells are the outermost sentinels of the cellular immune system.

8 / 60

Mesangial cells are:

a. unique epithelial cells with many interdigitating processes.

b. simple cuboidal epithelial cells.

c. not epithelial cells.

d. simple columnar epithelial cells.

e. simple squamous epithelial cells.

9 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(1)

a. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.

b. The glomerular filtration slit is around 20 to 30 nm.

c. Podocytes form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.

d. The osmotic absorption of water by the proximal tubule cells reduces the volume of the primary urine by about 75%.

e. The transport of sodium ions over the epithelia lining the ascending thin and straight distal tubules creates the osmotic gradient necessary for the resorption of water from the urine passing through the collecting ducts.

10 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. The protein albumin is normally filtrated in the glomerulus.

b. The lamina rara interna of the GBM is attaching to the podocyte.

c. The capillaries of the glomerulus are continuous type.

d. Short nephron contains small renal corpuscle located near the renal capsule.

e. The renal lobule contains many renal lobes.

11 / 60

Which segment of the nephron functions to filter fluid from blood into urinary space?

a. distal convoluted tubule.

b. proximal convoluted tubule.

c. loop of Henle.

d. glomerulus.

e. collecting duct.

12 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(7)

a. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.

b. The parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule contains mesangial cells.

c. Juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus release angiotensin II to increase glomerular filtration.

d. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.

e. The incomplete basal lamina of the discontinuous glomerular capillaries facilitates the formation of the glomerular filtrate.

13 / 60

Which connective tissue layer lies closest to the epidermis:

a. stratum corneum

b. lamina propria

c. papillary layer of dermis.

d. reticular layer of dermis.

e. hypodermis

14 / 60

Which of the following typically includes dead cells with pyknotic nuclei?

a. sebaceous gland.

b. duct of sweat gland.

c. secretory portion of sweat gland.

d. arrector pili muscle.

e. hair follicle.

15 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(2)

a. Transitional epithelium lining the tubules of the nephron allows the tubules to expand if large amounts of primary urine are formed.

b. Juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus release angiotensin II to increase glomerular filtration.

c. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.

d. Collecting ducts are not permeable to water in the presence of antidiuretic hormone.

e. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.

16 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(2)

a. The vagina is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

b. The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin.

c. The formation of new oocytes stops before birth.

d. The wall of the vagina consists of a mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia.

e. Sensory stimulation of the nipple initiates the milk ejection reflex via the secretion of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.

17 / 60

Vessels which connect interlobular arteries with glomerular capillaries are called:

a. arcuate arteries.

b. vasa recta.

c. afferent arterioles.

d. efferent arterioles.

e. peritubular capillaries.

18 / 60

The macula densa consists of:

a. closely-packed nuclei in the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule.

b. extraglomerular mesangial cells.

c. densely packed collagen fibers in the juxtaglomerular interstitium.

d. closely-packed nuclei in the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule.

e. modified smooth muscle cells.

19 / 60

Interstitial cells within the renal glomerulus, whose functions are uncertain but may include phagocytosis and maintenance of the glomerular basement membrane, are the:

a. mesangial cells.

b. transitional epithelium.

c. macula densa.

d. juxtaglomerular cells.

e. podocytes.

20 / 60

Filtration slits are located between adjacent:

a. mesangial cells.

b. capillary fenestrations.

c. podocyte foot processes

d. capillary endothelial cells.

e. layers of the glomerular basement membrane.

21 / 60

Smooth muscle cells of renal arterioles which are modified for endocrine secretion are called:

a. pericytes

b. fibroblasts

c. mesangial cells.

d. podocytes

e. juxtaglomerular cells.

22 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. Leydig cells are located inside the seminiferous tubule.

b. Ejaculation results from smooth muscle contractions around the vas deferens and ductus epididymis.

c. Spermatocytes which leave the testis are structurally mature and motile.

d. Leydig cells provide structural and nutritional support for the developing spermatocytes.

e. The outer part of the seminiferous epithelium is formed by 3-4 layers of smooth muscle.

23 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. The synthesis of melanin by basal cells is under hormonal control.

b. The excretory ducts of sweat gland are lined by a stratified squamous epithelium.

c. The secretory ducts of sweat gland are lined by a stratified squamous epithelium.

d. Merocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair together form a pilosebaceous unit.

e. The papillary layer of the dermis contains fine collagen and elastic fibers and the capillary network which supplies the epidermis.

24 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement.

a. After ovulation, thecal cells and granulosa cells form the corpus luteum.

b. Growth of the mammary gland is initiated by oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries and placenta.

c. The term "atresia" refers to the degeneration of follicles during development and adult life.

d. The epithelium that lines the ductuli efferntes is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

e. Hormone production of the corpus luteum stops after the implantation of the embryo.

25 / 60

Which cell type is responsible for the pigmentation of the skin?

a. fibroblast

b. melanocyte

c. myoepithelial cell

d. Langerhans cell

e. keratinocyte

26 / 60

Which cells respond to aldosterone?

a. epithelial cells of distal tubules.

b. mesangial cells.

c. juxtaglomerular cells.

d. epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule.

e. podocytes.

27 / 60

The glands most closely associated with hair follicles are:

a. sebaceous glands.

b. submucosal glands.

c. mammary glands.

d. eccrine sweat glands.

e. lymphatic glands.

28 / 60

What are neurons in the retina?

a. . Unipolar and Pseudounipolar

b. . Bipolar

c. . Pseudounipolar

d. . Multipolar

e. . Unipolar

29 / 60

How many layers of tissue compose the eyeball?

a. . 3

b. . 5

c. . 1

d. . 2

e. . 4

30 / 60

What is the smallest airspace of the respiratory tree?

a. . Respiratory bronchiole

b. . Terminal bronchiole

c. . Alveolar sac

d. . Alveolar duct

e. . Alveoli

31 / 60

What type of epithelium lines the vestibule?

a. . Transitional epithelium

b. . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

c. . Simple squamous epithelium

d. . Stratified squamous epithelium

e. . Simple columnar epithelium

32 / 60

What is the space anterior to the lens?

a. . Posterior chamber

b. . Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber

c. . Vitreal cavity

d. . Anterior chamber

33 / 60

What makes up the bulk of the sclera?

a. . Purkinje fibers

b. . Elastic fibers

c. . Collagen fibers

d. . Reticular fibers

e. . Myofibrils

34 / 60

Which cell type is involved in general sensation of the olfactory mucosa?

a. . Olfactory cells

b. . Sustentacular cells

c. . Basal cells

d. . Brush cells

35 / 60

Which of the following is a type of neuron?

a. . Pigmented epithelium

b. . Supporting cells

c. . Rods

d. . Ganglion cells

e. . Cones

36 / 60

Which structure is part of the conducting portion of the airway?

a. . Alveolar ducts

b. . Alveolar sacs

c. . Alveoli

d. . Respiratory bronchioles

e. . Bronchi

37 / 60

What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis?

a. . Compact bone

b. . Fibrocartilage

c. . Spongy bone

d. . Hyaline cartilage

e. . Elastic cartilage

38 / 60

Where on the retina are there no photoreceptors?

a. . Fovea centralis

b. . Lamina cribrosa

c. . Optic disc

d. . Ciliary body

e. . Lamina vitrea

39 / 60

What part of the respiratory tree is the functional unit where gas exchange occurs?

a. . Terminal bronchiole

b. . Alveoli

c. . Alveolar duct

d. . Respiratory bronchiole

e. . Alveolar sac

40 / 60

Which is NOT part of the retina?

a. . Rods

b. . Bipolar cells

c. . Ganglion cells

d. . Cones

e. . Uvea

41 / 60

What is within the bony labyrinth?

a. . Blood

b. . Air

c. . Endolymph

d. . Lymph

e. . Perilymph

42 / 60

What is the region called where the optic nerve exits the eye?

a. . Optic disc

b. . Os

c. . Ora serrate

d. . Lamina cribrosa

e. . Optic chiasm

43 / 60

How many layers does the retina have?

a. . 1

b. . 5

c. . 2

d. . 4

e. . 10

44 / 60

Which one of the following is not found in the retina?

a. . Horizontal cells

b. . Muller's cells

c. . Pigment epithelium

d. . Cones

e. . Huxley's layer

45 / 60

What are the openings within the sclera which allow nerve fibers to exit?

a. . Optic disc

b. . Lamina cribrosa

c. . Ora serrate

d. . Optic chiasm

e. . Os

46 / 60

Where are the sensory receptors for position?

a. . Semicircular canals

b. . Saccule

c. . Utricle

d. . Organ of Corti

e. . Saccule, Utricle

47 / 60

What is the space posterior to the iris?

a. . Posterior chamber

b. . Vitreal cavity

c. . Anterior chamber

d. . Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber

48 / 60

What is the middle layer of the eyeball?

a. . Rods

b. . Bipolar cells

c. . Cones

d. . Ganglion cells

e. . Uvea

49 / 60

What is the inner layer of the choroid?

a. . Lamina vitrea

b. . Ciliary body

c. . Fovea centralis

d. . Lamina cribrosa

e. . Optic disc

50 / 60

Where is the ciliary muscle located?

a. . Optic disc

b. . Lamina cribrosa

c. . Lamina vitrea

d. . Ciliary body

e. . Fovea centralis

51 / 60

Which cell secretes surfactant?

a. . Type II pneumocyte

b. . Dust cell

c. . Brush cell

d. . Type I pneumocyte

e. . Clara cell

52 / 60

Which layer forms the majority of the cornea?

a. . Substantia propria

b. . Descemet's membrane

c. . Epithelium

d. . Endothelium

e. . Bowman's membrane

53 / 60

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

a. . Simple cuboidal epithelium

b. . Stratified squamous epithelium

c. . Simple squamous epithelium

d. . Pseudostratified epithelium

e. . Simple columnar epithelium

54 / 60

What structure adjusts the shape of the lens?

a. . Levator muscle

b. . Tarsus

c. . Internal oblique muscle

d. . Orbicularis oculi

e. . Ciliary muscle

55 / 60

What is responsible for adjusting the lens?

a. . Choroid

b. . Sclera

c. . Iris

d. . Ciliary muscle

e. . Ora serrata

56 / 60

What is the first portion of the respiratory tree where gas exchange can occur?

a. . Terminal bronchiole

b. . Respiratory bronchiole

c. . Alveolar duct

d. . Alveoli

e. . Alveolar sac

57 / 60

Where does aqueous humor from anterior chamber collect into?

a. . Canal of Descemet

b. . Canal of Muller

c. . Canaliculi

d. . Canal of Hering

e. . Canal of Schlemm

58 / 60

Which cell is rarely found in the alveolus?

a. . Brush cell

b. . Type I pneumocyte

c. . Dust cell

d. . Type II pneumocyte

e. . Clara cell

59 / 60

Where is the region associated with maximum visual acuity?

a. . Lamina vitrea

b. . Fovea centralis

c. . Optic disc

d. . Lamina cribrosa

e. . Ciliary body

60 / 60

Which cell type is the receptor cell within the organ of Corti?

a. . Hair cells

b. . Cells of Hensen

c. . Inner border cells

d. . Outer phalangeal cells

e. . Inner pillar cells

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