Histologie Test

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Histologie Test

1 / 60

Which segment of the nephron functions to filter fluid from blood into urinary space?

a. glomerulus.

b. collecting duct.

c. proximal convoluted tubule.

d. loop of Henle.

e. distal convoluted tubule.

2 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The seminiferous epithelium consists of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells.

b. The epithelium of the tubuli recti is pseudostratified columnar.

c. Processes of Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier.

d. Testosterone produced by the male accessory reproductive glands (seminal vesicle and prostate) causes the development of the masculine extragenital sex characteristics.

e. The prophase of primary spermatocytes is extremely prolonged.

3 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin.

b. Progesterone and oestrogen are the main stimulants of milk secretion in the mammary gland.

c. Prolactin and oxytocin are the main stimulants of milk secretion in the mammary gland.

d. Primordial ovarian follicles are characterized by a single layer of flattened follicular cells which surround the oocyte.

e. The basalis of the endometrium regenerates the functionalis after menstruation.

4 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(7)

a. Juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus release angiotensin II to increase glomerular filtration.

b. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.

c. The incomplete basal lamina of the discontinuous glomerular capillaries facilitates the formation of the glomerular filtrate.

d. The parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule contains mesangial cells.

e. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.

5 / 60

The fibrous connective tissue layer of skin is:

a. mucosa

b. hypodermis

c. lamina propria

d. dermis

e. epidermis

6 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. Primordial ovarian follicles are characterized by a single layer of flattened follicular cells which surround the oocyte.

b. The mammary gland is a merocrine and apocrine secretion.

c. The formation of new oocytes stops before birth.

d. Like sweat glands, mammary glands are simple tubular glands.

e. Growth of the mammary gland is initiated by oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries and placenta.

7 / 60

Which of the following layers lies nearest the outer surface of the epidermis?

a. stratum basale or stratum germinativum.

b. stratum lucidum.

c. stratum granulosum

d. stratum corneum.

e. stratum spinosum or stratum Malpighii.

8 / 60

The loose, adipose connective tissue layer of skin is:

a. mucosa

b. hypodermis

c. epidermis

d. dermis

e. lamina propria

9 / 60

Regions of cortical parenchyma located between medullary pyramids (pyramids of Malpighii) rather than adjacent to the surface of the kidney are called:

a. columns of Bertin.

b. papillae

c. medullary rays.

d. calyces

e. renal lobules.

10 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. The functionalis of the endometrium of uterus and cervix is shed during menstruation.

b. A distinct zona pelucida separates the oocyte and follicular cells of primordial ovarian follicles.

c. Complex mucosal folds give the lumen of the ampulla of the oviduct a very irregular outline.

d. Collecting ducts are not permeable to water in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

e. Like sweat glands, mammary glands are simple tubular glands.

11 / 60

Which of the following epithelial cells of the urinary tract are simple squamous, without apparent structural specialization?

a. transitional epithelium.

b. glomerular epithelium (podocytes).

c. Bowman's capsule epithelium.

d. collecting duct epithelium.

e. distal convoluted tubule epithelium.

12 / 60

In which layer of the epidermis are cells mitotically active?

a. stratum corneum

b. stratum granulosum

c. stratum basale

d. thick skin

e. stratum lucidum

13 / 60

Which of the following typically includes dead cells with pyknotic nuclei?

a. arrector pili muscle.

b. secretory portion of sweat gland.

c. hair follicle.

d. duct of sweat gland.

e. sebaceous gland.

14 / 60

Arrector pili muscle consist of:

a. glandular epithelium.

b. smooth muscle.

c. lymphocytes

d. columnar epithelium.

e. squamous epithelium.

15 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement(4)

a. The outer layer of renal capsule contains many myofibroblasts.

b. Transitional epithelium lining the tubules of the nephron allows the tubules to expand if large amounts of primary urine are formed.

c. The incomplete basal lamina of the discontinuous glomerular capillaries facilitates the formation of the glomerular filtrate.

d. The pyramid of Malpighi is in the renal cortex

e. Stratified squamous epithelium lines the distal part of the male and female urethra.

16 / 60

Which cells repond to antiduretic hormone (ADH)?

a. juxtaglomerular cells.

b. epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule.

c. podocytes.

d. mesangial cells.

e. epithelial cells of collecting duct.

17 / 60

The outer lining of Bowman’s capsule (the parietal epithelilum) consists of a single layer of:

a. podocytes

b. pericytes

c. cuboidal cells.

d. squamous cells.

e. mesangial cells.

18 / 60

The tissue composition of hair follicles is most similar to:

a. papillary layer of dermis.

b. epidermis

c. sweat gland.

d. reticular layer of dermis.

e. hypodermis

19 / 60

In which layer of the epidermis do cells contain keratohyalin granules?

a. pilosebaceous unit

b. stratum granulosum

c. hair follicle

d. papillary dermis

e. hairy skin

20 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(1)

a. The glomerular filtration slit is around 20 to 30 nm.

b. Podocytes form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.

c. The transport of sodium ions over the epithelia lining the ascending thin and straight distal tubules creates the osmotic gradient necessary for the resorption of water from the urine passing through the collecting ducts.

d. The osmotic absorption of water by the proximal tubule cells reduces the volume of the primary urine by about 75%.

e. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.

21 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(2)

a. Sensory stimulation of the nipple initiates the milk ejection reflex via the secretion of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.

b. The wall of the vagina consists of a mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia.

c. The vagina is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

d. The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin.

e. The formation of new oocytes stops before birth.

22 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement(5)

a. The increase in the surface area of proximal tubule cells by numerous long microvilli facilitates the absorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.

b. Renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells which surround the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus.

c. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.

d. An inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle are found in both the ureter and bladder.

e. The second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes will give rise the spermatids.

23 / 60

The lumen of glomerular capillaries is lined by:

a. podocytes foot processes.

b. mesangial cells.

c. juxtaglomerular cells.

d. fenestrated endothelium.

e. continuous endothelium.

24 / 60

Which of the following consists of stratified (two-layered) cuboidal epithelium?

a. arrector pili muscle.

b. duct of sweat gland.

c. sebaceous gland.

d. secretory portion of sweat gland.

e. hair follicle.

25 / 60

Identify the CORRECT statement

a. The rete testis is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

b. Spermatocytes which leave the testis are structurally mature and motile.

c. Spermatocytes are stored in the terminal part of the seminal vesicles.

d. Differences in the height of the epithelium give the lumen of the ductuli efferentes an irregular outline.

e. The Sertoli cells are located outside the seminiferous tubule.

26 / 60

Which cell type of the epidermis is involved in the mediation of immune responses?

a. Langerhans cell

b. Merkel cell

c. keratinocyte

d. myoepithelial cell

e. melanocyte

27 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule, the tunica albuginea.

b. The prophase of primary spermatocytes is extremely prolonged.

c. The maturation of spermatids into spermatozoides is called spermiogenesis.

d. The first meiotic division of primary spermatocytes will give rise the secondary spermatocytes.

e. Leydig cells provide structural and nutritional support for the developing spermatocytes.

28 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. Stratified squamous epithelium lines the distal part of the male and female urethra.

b. The increase in the surface area of proximal tubule cells by numerous long microvilli facilitates the absorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.

c. Transitional epithelium lines the ureter.

d. The principal function of the thin tubule of the nephron is the resorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.

e. Podocytes form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.

29 / 60

Which cells secrete a product which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin?

a. epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule.

b. epithelial cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

c. juxtaglomerular cells.

d. podocytes.

e. epithelial cells of collecting duct.

30 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The epidermis of the thin skin has four stratum

b. The overall orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis will follow the 'lines of greatest tension'.

c. Langerhans cells function in the immune system and can leave the epidermis after exposure to antigens.

d. The excretory ducts of sweat gland are lined by a stratified squamous epithelium.

e. The renewal of the human epidermis through the mitotic activity of basal cells takes 3-4 weeks.

31 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. The functionalis of the endometrium of uterus and cervix is shed during menstruation.

b. Sensory stimulation of the nipple initiates the milk ejection reflex via the secretion of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.

c. Primordial ovarian follicles are characterized by a single layer of flattened follicular cells which surround the oocyte.

d. The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin.

e. The acini of the secretory part of the mammary gland are formed during pregnancy.

32 / 60

Transitional epithelium lines all of the following EXCEPT the:

a. Bowman's capsule.

b. renal pelvis.

c. bladder.

d. ureter.

e. proximal urethra.

33 / 60

Identify the INCORRECT statement

a. After ovulation, thecal cells and granulosa cells form the corpus luteum.

b. A fluid filled hollow, the antrum, is a characteristic feature of primary ovarian follicles.

c. Ovarian surface is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

d. The term "atresia" refers to the degeneration of follicles during development and adult life.

e. Primordial ovarian follicles are characterized by a single layer of flattened follicular cells which surround the oocyte.

34 / 60

Vessels which connect glomerular capillaries with peritubular capillaries are called:

a. vasa recta.

b. afferent arterioles.

c. arcuate arteries.

d. efferent arterioles.

e. peritubular capillaries.

35 / 60

What type of tissue forms the alveoli in the lung?

a. . Pseudostratified epithelium

b. . Simple columnar epithelium

c. . Simple squamous epithelium

d. . Stratified squamous epithelium

e. . Simple cuboidal epithelium

36 / 60

What is within the membranous labyrinth?

a. . Perilymph

b. . Air

c. . Blood

d. . Lymph

e. . Endolymph

37 / 60

What are the receptors for vision?

a. . Bipolar cells

b. . Rods

c. . Rods, Cones

d. . Ganglion cells

e. . Cones

38 / 60

What is the space anterior to the iris?

a. . Vitreal cavity

b. . Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber, Vitreal cavity

c. . Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber

d. . Anterior chamber

e. . Posterior chamber

39 / 60

Which layer forms the majority of the cornea?

a. . Substantia propria

b. . Bowman's membrane

c. . Endothelium

d. . Descemet's membrane

e. . Epithelium

40 / 60

Which of the following is the receptor for color?

a. . Rods

b. . Bipolar cells

c. . Horizontal cells

d. . Ganglion cells

e. . Cones

41 / 60

What is the smallest airspace of the respiratory tree?

a. . Terminal bronchiole

b. . Alveolar duct

c. . Alveoli

d. . Respiratory bronchiole

e. . Alveolar sac

42 / 60

What makes up the bulk of the sclera?

a. . Collagen fibers

b. . Purkinje fibers

c. . Myofibrils

d. . Elastic fibers

e. . Reticular fibers

43 / 60

Which structure is part the uvea?

a. . Cornea

b. . Ciliary body

c. . Sclera

d. . Ora serrata

e. . Pigmented epithelium

44 / 60

What part of the respiratory tree is the functional unit where gas exchange occurs?

a. . Alveolar duct

b. . Alveoli

c. . Respiratory bronchiole

d. . Terminal bronchiole

e. . Alveolar sac

45 / 60

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the cornea?

a. . Lamina vitrea

b. . Substantia propria

c. . Bowman's membrane

d. . Descemet's membrane

e. . Endothelium

46 / 60

Which cell is found in large numbers in the terminal bronchioles?

a. . Type I pneumocyte

b. . Clara cell

c. . Brush cell

d. . Type II pneumocyte

e. . Dust cell

47 / 60

What type of tissue makes up the rings of the trachea?

a. . Fibrocartilage

b. . Compact bone

c. . Hyaline cartilage

d. . Elastic cartilage

e. . Spongy bone

48 / 60

Which cell is rarely found in the alveolus?

a. . Brush cell

b. . Type II pneumocyte

c. . Clara cell

d. . Type I pneumocyte

e. . Dust cell

49 / 60

Where is the ciliary muscle located?

a. . Fovea centralis

b. . Optic disc

c. . Ciliary body

d. . Lamina vitrea

e. . Lamina cribrosa

50 / 60

What structure is shaped like a snail shell?

a. . Organ of Corti

b. . Saccule

c. . Cochlea

d. . Utricle

e. . Semicircular canals

51 / 60

What structure is similar to a “bunch of grapes?

a. . Terminal bronchiole

b. . Alveoli

c. . Alveolar duct

d. . Alveolar sac

e. . Respiratory bronchiole

52 / 60

What type of tissue lines the paranasal sinuses?

a. . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

b. . Stratified squamous epithelium

c. . Transitional epithelium

d. . Simple columnar epithelium

e. . Simple squamous epithelium

53 / 60

What is the region called where the optic nerve exits the eye?

a. . Optic disc

b. . Os

c. . Optic chiasm

d. . Ora serrate

e. . Lamina cribrosa

54 / 60

Which contains endolymph?

a. . Scala vestibuli

b. . Cochlear duct

c. . Scala vestibule, Scala tympani

d. . Scala tympani

55 / 60

How many layers does the retina have?

a. . 1

b. . 5

c. . 2

d. . 4

e. . 10

56 / 60

What are neurons in the retina?

a. . Pseudounipolar

b. . Multipolar

c. . Bipolar

d. . Unipolar

e. . Unipolar and Pseudounipolar

57 / 60

Which cell secretes surfactant?

a. . Clara cell

b. . Type II pneumocyte

c. . Type I pneumocyte

d. . Dust cell

e. . Brush cell

58 / 60

Where is the organ of Corti?

a. . Semicircular canals

b. . Utricle

c. . Crista ampullaris

d. . Cochlea

e. . Saccule

59 / 60

What is the space anterior to the lens?

a. . Posterior chamber

b. . Anterior chamber

c. . Vitreal cavity

d. . Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber

60 / 60

Where are the sensory receptors for hearing?

a. . Utricle

b. . Organ of Corti

c. . Semicircular canals

d. . Saccule

e. . Saccule, Utricle

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