1) Antigen presenting cells (APCs) include macrophages and dendritic cells , which are found in lymphoid tissues and the ____. These are critical in the uptake and presentation of antigen to T cells.

2) The virus that causes bird flu can attach to the cells of the lower part of the respiratory system in humans, but not to the cells of the upper part of the respiratory system. The most likely reason for this is that these two groups of cells have different:

3) Adaptive immune system response typically takes how long

4) The genes encoding which of the following can undergo hypermutation to create receptors that are an even better fit for foreign antigens ?

5) Which of the following components of the i nnate immune system involves cytokines produced by macrophages , which are produced during infection ?

6) Which of the following is a function of the adaptive immune system and NOT the innate immune system ?

7) The zone at which antibody and antigen are at optimal concentration so that they form a large insoluble lattice together is called the:

8) Which of the following is a function of the innate immune system and NOT the adaptive immune system ?

9) Vaccination help prepare the body to fight invasions of a specific pathogen by:

10) What are peripheral cells called if they have never come in contact with antigen?

11) Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies from ____ and is involved in the elimination of ____ pathogens. Cell mediated immunity is mediated by ____ and is involved in the elimination of ____ pathogens.

12) A plasma cell secretes:

13) Where does a mature T cell encounter antigen for the first time?

14) All of the following are true about CD8 T cells EXCEPT that they

15) Which of the following i s the cellular receptor for HIV attachments to T cell s?

16) Which of the following is a v ery sensitive and simple test for antigens , which uses a covalent complex of enzyme linked t o antibody, to detect antigen directly or to bind antibody-antigen complex?

17) Which of the following is NOT true of neutrophils compared with macrophages ?

18) The activation of a naïve B cell, which generally requires a second accessory signal, occurs when the B cell exits the bloodstream and into a ____ lymphoid organ, meets antigen, internalizes the BCR-antigen complex, and eventually becomes ____ cells.

19) Which statement best describes what will most likely happen when an individual receives a vaccination containing a weakened pathogen ?

20) A serological test that uses red blood cells coated with exogenous antigens such as bacterial polysaccharides as a method to detect patient antibodies against that exogenous antigen is called:

21) What is the major function of C-Reactive protein (CRP)?

22) The expression of cell surface markers is determined in t he flow cytometer by which of the following?

23) All of the following are important functions of IFNs EXCEPT that they

24) Which of the following best describes the affinity of antibody secreted for effector B cells ?

25) How are B-cell and T-cell antigen receptors distributed ?

26) Which of the immunoglobulin that make activates the complement system ?

27) Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies with a wide range of clinically important applications, such as pregnancy tests, cancer diagnosis, and cancer treatment. These antibodies are ____ and come from ____ parent cell(s).

28) During B cell development, precursor cells are found in the ____ and mature cells are found in the ____.

29) Hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh blood group incompatibility requires maternal antibody to enter the fetal bloodstream. Therefore, the mediator of this disease is

30) Which of the following is NOT t rue regarding interferon ?

31) Precipitation reactions involve combination of soluble antibody with:

32) To replace burned skin, doctors can successfully transplant replacement skin taken from another part of the body of the burn victim. Which statement best explains why the transplanted skin is not rejected ?

33) Immunological memory is a feature exhibited by:

34) Acquired immunity can be characterized by which of the following?

35) Which of the following describes where MHC-I is found and not where MHC-II is found ?

36) Patients with MHC class II (or class I) antigen deficiency would exhibit which of the following?

37) Patient is a child who has no detectable T or B cells. This i mmunodeficiency is most probably the result of a defect in

38) On a serial dilution with the following tube set u p, 1:2, 1:4, 2:8, 1:16, 1:32, and 1:64 , there is no visible agglutination in the 1:64. What is the titer of the antibody?

39) Acute phase reactants have been determined to be elevated in a patient. What does this result on it own indicate about the patient?

40) Which of the following is NOT true when comparing p rimary immune response to subsequent (secondary) immune response?

41) IFN-γ stimulates ____ immunity by enhancing ____ T cells as well as activating macrophages and natural killer cells. IL-4/IL-5 stimulate ____ immunity (antibodies) by activating B cells and eosinophils and induce ____-type responses.

42) Which of the following is NOT a major feature (characteristic) of the adaptive immune system?

43) T cell surface receptors for antigen partly recognize :

44) Anaphylatoxins are chemotaxins that stimulate phagocytosis and degranulation. Which complement components is/are mainly involved ?

45) Which of the following is a messenge r that mediates the connection between the innate and adaptive immune system ?

46) Regarding mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which of the following is secreted by B cells across the epithelium?

47) Which of the following mediates an early response to viral infections by the innate immune system ?

48) Which complement component is found in both the classical a nd a lte r n a tive pa thw a ys?

49) When IgM on the surface of an immature B cell binds to a self-antigen , which of the following processes can occur ?

50) Which of the following immune system components would NOT r ecognize a macromolecul e epitope (binding site) ?

51) You would want the cells from a potential transplantation donor to have or do all of the following EXCEPT

52) An immunologic immunoassay situation in which antibody is in excess a s compared to antigen is called:

53) Activation of a T cell requires ____. Following activation, the T cell proliferates and differentiates into ____, then moves into peripheral tissues and other organs.

54) Which of the following is NOT true regarding effective immunogens ?

55) Which of the following differentiates an antigen from an immunogen ?

56) Which of the following is used to enumerate and/or separate live cells that express an antigen , sorted by applying an electric charge to the stained cells ?

57) Which of the following best describes cross-reactivity ?

58) Which of the following is an agent (e.g. aluminum salts, oil-based, virosomes) often used to modify or augment the effects of a vaccine by stimulating the immune system to respond to the vaccine more vigorously, and thus providing increased immunity to a particular disease?

59) Which of the following components of the adaptive immune system causes lysis of virally infected cells and the release of cytokines?

60) Which of the following best explains the reaction that takes in the latex agglutination slide test for CRP?

61) Which of the following is NOT involved in the antigen-antibody interaction?

62) The two types of light chains are:

63) Cytotoxic T cells induced by infection with virus A will kill target cells

64) Subunit vaccines contains components from pathogens, which are inactivated and referred to as ____. These vaccines are generally of low immunogenicity and may need ____ to work effectively.

65) If you want to make 5mL of a 1:20 dilution, how much serum would be needed?

66) Which of the following is NOT tru e of CD4 and CD8 cell markers?

67) Which of the following components of the adaptive immune system secretes immunoglobulin (Ig) ?

68) A vaccine used against an infectious disease may contain:

69) Gamma () globulin serum fraction contains predominantly which immunoglobulin?

70) The ______ immune system uses ____ as well as molecules (e.g. complement components). The ____ immune system uses ____ as well as antigen recognition molecules .

71) How many genes does MHC-II have ?

72) Which of the following is NOT true about MHC molecules but true about B and T cells ?

73) CD4+ cells recognize antigen displayed on MHC ____ molecules and CD8+ cells recognize antigen displayed on MHC ____ molecules. ____ has TH1 and TH2 cell populations.

74) Which of the following is a large genomic region of gene family found in most vertebrates, playing an important role in immunity ?

75) Which of the following is NOT true when comparing innate to adaptive immunity?

76) Peptides antigens generated in the cytosolic compartment (intracellular infection, e.g. virus) bind to ____ MHC molecules for presentation to ____ T cells. Peptide antigens generated in vesicles (extracellular infection, e.g. bacteria) bind to ____ MHC molecules for presentation to ____ T cells.

77) What types of professional APC cell that MHC-II present antigen to T H n a ïve ?

78) Which of the following molecules is necessary (not accessory) for antigen recognition and T cell activation?

79) Protestive antibodies against infectious agents are often :

80) CD4 molecules bind with ____ MHC molecules and are found on (expressed by) ____ cells. CD8 molecules bind with ____ MHC molecules and are found on (expressed by) ____ cells.

81) Which of the following is used extensively to detect antigens in cells or tissue sections , as well as to screen for auto-antibodies to cell or tissue antigens?

82) What is the primary response seen in acute-phase responses to infection ?

83) The process used to increase antigen binding affinity is called somatic ____ and occurs in ____ cells but not ____ cells.

84) Which of the following best describes penicillin, a hapten ?

85) In the embryonic human , the primary lymphoid organs are initially in the yolk sac , then in the feta l ____, and finally in the ____.

86) The role of the macrophage during an antibody response is to

87) The genes encoding which of the following are extensively polymorphic (have multiple alleles or forms of the same gene)?

88) Tolerance refers to the ability of B cells to:

89) The structure of the B-cell receptor contains the invariant proteins Igα and Igβ , which are linked via ____ and are essential for signal generation across the B-cell surface membrane and for surface expression of immunoglobulin receptors (mIgs).

90) The response time to antigenic stimulation for memory B and T cells is described as ____, for naïve B and T cells is described as ____, and for effector B and T cells is described as ____.

91) What fraction of serum are the antibodies (immunoglobulins) initially found when using lytica l techniques (e.g.electrophoresis)

92) Which of the following u ses ultraviolet (UV) light for examining specimens?

93) What is the function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules ?

94) Which of the i mmunoglobulin that has different subtypes ?

95) A medical student acquired hepatitis B through a needle-stick injury. The student had not received their vaccinations for this virus and eventually experienced liver problems. One of the clinical signs of this disease is j aundice , which turns the skin and sclera what color?

96) Which transplant method would prevent the rejection of tissue after and organ transplant?

97) The antibody-binding site is formed primarily by

98) In the adult, the primary lymphoid organs, whose cells expand clonally, are the ____ and secondary lymphoid organs, which create effector cells, are the ____, as well as mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lining the respiratory, GI, and reproductive tracts.

99) Which of the following components of the innate immune system involves the release of histamine ?

100) What types foes of cell is class MHC-I found on ?

101) Which of the following uses protein antigens separated by molecular weight using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( SDS-PAGE) ?

102) The membrane attack complex (MAC) uses C3 to activate the final part of the complement pathway. It is important in defense against Neisseria. Which of the following components is/are inserted into the plasma membrane of the target cel l, allowing for free passage of water/solute and thus killing the cell?

103) Which of the following is used to characterize antigens in complex mixtures biochemically ?

104) A serological reaction is set up in which the antigen and antibody are both soluble and form an insoluble complex that is detected macroscopically. What type of assay was described?

105) ____ is frequently found on the surface of B cells co-expressed with ____. These two classes are co-expressed not by class switching but by alternative processing of a primary RNA transcript. Both molecules expressed on the single mature B cell have the same binding specificity for antigen.

106) The principle difference between type II and type III hypersensitivity reactions is the:

107) In somatic recombination, the ____ rearranges first. The ____ region of the antibody molecule is generated via somatic recombination as it binds to the antigen and contains both a constan t region and a variable region .

108) Which of the following is NOT true regarding the complement system?

109) Which of the following would be used as preliminary screening for the presence of antibodies to HIV proteins in a patient’s blood sample?

110) All of the following are functions of IgG EXCEPT

111) Which immunoglobulins help initiate the classic complement pathway ?

112) The Westerm Blot test used to confirm HIV is an example of which of the following?

113) The ____ T cell-APC interaction is MHC ____-restricted, and the ____ T cell-target cell interaction is MHC ____-restricted.

114) Which of the following can activate the alternative complement pathway ?

115) A serological reaction is set up in which the antigen is coated to larger carrier (particle), the antibody is soluble , and they bind and form an insoluble complex that is detected macroscopically. What type of assay is described?

116) Which isotype of immunoglobulin is involved in a type I hypersensitivity?

117) An immune response against grass pollen often involves:

118) Which of the following components of the innate immune system involves recognition molecules such as mannan-binding lectin (MBL ) for bacteria with mannose on the surface ?